WASHINGTON (AP) — A weak economy got a little lift Thursday with new data suggesting companies aren’t pursuing mass layoffs and stores are a little busier.

New applications for unemployment benefits declined for a second straight week after rising in the previous three. Retailers reported surprisingly strong sales in August. And more people signed contracts to buy homes.

Economists were mildly encouraged by the news, which followed several downbeat reports on housing and weaker economic growth last week. But few saw signs that the economy is gaining momentum.

“It’s encouraging that we’re not seeing further deterioration as we have in recent months,” said Julia Coronado, U.S. economist at BNP Paribas. “But we’re not turning around and moving in the direction of stronger growth.”

New claims for unemployment aid fell last week by 6,000 to a seasonally adjusted 472,000, the Labor Department said Thursday. The four-week average of claims, a less-volatile measure, fell by 2,500 to 485,500, its first decrease after four straight increases.

Even with the declines, claims are still at much higher levels than they would be in a healthy economy. When economic output is growing rapidly and employers are hiring, claims generally drop below 400,000.

It appears “that a wave of panicked layoffs has passed, as companies have become a bit calmer in the face of the financial and economic disruptions of late spring and early summer,” Pierre Ellis, an economist at Decision Economics, wrote in a note to clients.

In a separate report, the Labor Department said productivity fell in the spring by the largest amount in nearly four years while labor costs rose. That indicates companies may have reached the limits of their ability to squeeze more work out of their reduced work forces.

The nation’s retailers reported surprisingly solid gains for August. Aggressive discounting helped during an unusually hot summer when consumers worried about jobs and a weakening economy.

And the number of buyers who signed contracts to purchase previously occupied homes increased in July, according to the National Association of Realtors. But it remained well below last year’s levels, a sign that demand for housing remains weak.

The modest increase in home sales comes as mortgage rates keep falling. The average 30-year mortgage dropped to 4.32 percent this week, down from 4.36 percent last week, according to mortgage buyer Freddie Mac. That’s the tenth time in the past 11 weeks that rates have hit their have lowest level since Freddie Mac began tracking them in 1971.

In another report, factory orders rose slightly in July after two months of declines. But most of the gains were a result of higher airplane orders. Excluding transportation, orders fell 1.5 percent, the biggest drop in 16 months.

Still, concerns that manufacturing could be faltering were eased on Wednesday with a private trade group’s report showed the industrial sector grew for the 13th straight month in August.

Requests for jobless benefits haven’t improved much this year. New claims stood at 470,000 during the week of Jan. 9, almost the same as last week’s figure. The four-week average was about 20,000 lower in January.

Economists closely watch initial claims for real-time information on the job market. They are considered a gauge of the pace of layoffs and a measure of companies’ willingness to hire.

Hiring has slowed to a crawl in recent months. The claims report comes one day before the Labor Department is scheduled to issue the August employment report. That is expected to show that private businesses added a net total of only 41,000 jobs last month, the fourth straight month of anemic hiring.

When government jobs are included, total payrolls are forecast to drop by 100,000 — based on about 115,000 temporary census jobs ending. The jobless rate is projected to rise to 9.6 percent from 9.5 percent, according to Thomson Reuters.

The number of people continuing to claim benefits fell by 23,000 to 4.46 million, the lowest since late June.

But that doesn’t include millions of people who are receiving extended benefits under emergency programs enacted by Congress during the recession. More than 5.4 million people were on the extended benefit rolls during the week of Aug. 14, the latest data available. That’s a drop of about 320,000 from the previous week.

Without more jobs, consumers will likely spend cautiously, making it harder for the economy to gain steam. Consumer spending accounts for about 70 percent of economic activity.

The pace of economic growth has slowed considerably from earlier this year, as the impact of the government’s stimulus package fades. Many economists are increasingly pessimistic that private companies will do enough hiring and spending to replace the impact of the stimulus.

The nation’s gross domestic product, the broadest measure of economic output, grew at a 3.7 percent annual pace in the first quarter, but that slowed dramatically to 1.6 percent in the April-to-June period. That’s not fast enough growth to bring down unemployment.

Economists at Bank of America-Merrill Lynch on Wednesday marked down their estimates of future economic growth. They now expect the economy to grow at only a 1.8 percent pace next year, down sharply from an earlier estimate of 2.3 percent.

That’s equivalent to a “growth recession,” says Bank of America’s top North American economist, Ethan Harris. A growth recession occurs when the economy grows slightly but not enough to reduce the unemployment rate.

Harris now expects the jobless rate to tick back up above 10 percent by early next year.

Comair, a regional airline owned by Delta Air Lines Inc., said Wednesday that it will reduce its fleet by half and cut jobs over the next two years to lower costs. The company, which employs about 2,600 people, didn’t say how many jobs would be affected.

Heavy equipment maker Caterpillar Inc., meanwhile, is headed in the other direction. It opened a new road grader factory Wednesday in North Little Rock, Ark. That will create 600 jobs.

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AP Economics Writer Martin Crutsinger contributed to this report.